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Talking about police violence with a liberal police captain (part 2)

Second interview of recently retired police captain James Mitchell (first episode link), who happens to be politically liberal. We continue tackling the question: when we see an American cop doing something that seems clearly over-reactive and overly violent, what are the factors that influenced that cop to behave that way? In our first talk, our focus was on mental health and de-escalation. In this interview, we talk about a broader range of topics, including:

  • Role that our huge number of guns may play
  • Racism (past vs current, and systemic racism vs racism of individuals)
  • James’ experience with racist cops and how that manifested
  • How cops are seldom convicted by juries, and how that has trickle-down effects
  • Role of police unions
  • Role that living in the neighborhood a cop polices can play

Also discussed is how our polarization and animosity around police issues fits into our polarization on other topics. See the bottom of this post for other topics and resources. Podcast links:

Other topics discussed include:

  • How the language that people use to people talk about “racism” can muddy waters (e.g., conflating racism of individuals with systemic racism, or conflating effects of past racism with current systemic racism)
  • War on drugs
  • No-knock warrants and why they may sometimes be justified

Related resources:

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Why do so many people “want to watch the world burn”?, with Kevin Arceneaux

An interview with Kevin Arceneaux, a researcher on the “need for chaos” research project, which found that a surprising number of people (up to 40%) expressed antisocial views about society in either agreeing with or not rejecting statements like “When I think about our political and social institutions, I cannot help thinking ‘just let them all burn’?” We talk about what that study entailed, and what the psychological and environmental factors could be that help explain this surprising find. Transcript is below.

See the bottom of this post for other topics and resources. Podcast links:

Other topics discussed include:

  • How the “need for chaos” was evident throughout the political spectrum and wasn’t correlated with any particular political ideology (although it was high in Trump supporters and Bernie Sanders supporters).
  • How modern society, in increasing isolation and loneliness, could be playing a role in amplifying antisocial views.
  • How the internet and social media give an easy outlet to people with this mindset, and give them an extraordinary amount of power.
  • How the “need for chaos” wasn’t directly tied to poverty or inequality.
  • Thoughts about how modern society, by giving us more free time and time to dwell on perceived slights and injustice and our thwarted desires for recognition, may contain the seeds of its own demise.

Related resources:

TRANSCRIPT

Zach Elwood: I’m Zachary Elwood and this is the People Who Read People podcast. This is a podcast about examining and understanding human behavior; you can learn more about it at my website behavior-podcast.com.

In a pretty large study done in 2017, 40% of people polled either agreed with or did not disagree with the following statement “When I think about our political and social institutions, I cannot help thinking ‘just let them all burn’? 

And similarly, 40% of those polled either agreed with or did not disagree with the following statement “We cannot fix the problems in our social institutions, we need to tear them down and start over.” 

These were some of the pretty startling findings of a research project done by Michael Bang Peterson, Mathias Osmundsen, and Kevin Arceneaux, where they surveyed more than 6000 people in the U.S. and in Denmark, a country considered less polarized than the United States. They labeled a certain level of these destructive and antisocial mindset a quote “need for chaos”. In the U.S. study, these feelings were found across the political spectrum, and weren’t correlated with a specific left or right type of ideology. While these feelings were significantly high in Trump supporters, they were also pretty high in Bernie Sanders’ supporters, and presumably they were also present for people who can be hard to put in political categories. 

In today’s episode, I’ll be interviewing Kevin Arceneaux, one of the “need for chaos” researchers, about this work. We talk about ideas of what it is exactly and what might be creating those mindsets. 

The title of their paper was “The “Need for Chaos” and Motivations to Share Hostile Political Rumors.” I’ll read from their paper’s abstract now: 

“Why are some people motivated to share hostile political rumors, such as conspiracy theories and other derogatory news stories? Previous research mostly focuses on the thesis that people’s partisan identities motivate them to share hostile political rumors as a way to tarnish their political opponents. In this manuscript, we demonstrate disruptive psychological motivations also play an important, but often overlooked, role in the spread of hostile rumors. We argue that many individuals who feel socially and politically marginalized are motivated to circulate hostile rumors because they wish to unleash chaos to “burn down” the entire established political order in the hope they can gain status in the process.”

When I heard about this study, I was intrigued, because I thought it helped explain a lot of behavior I see these days, from people across the political spectrum. A lot of the mainstream focus this study has received has been about how it helps explain Trump supporters. A New York Times op ed about it had the headline The Trump Voters Whose ‘Need for Chaos‘ Obliterates Everything Else. Farther down in that piece, it only briefly mentioned how the “need for chaos” was also significant for Bernie Sanders supporters.  

But I’ve seen a good amount of this kind of mindset on the left, including from some people I know. And I think as we grow increasingly polarized, that contributes to this, too, and makes such stances more likely. If you’re a liberal listening to this, hopefully as you’re listening to the upcoming interview, you’re not just going “yeah those crazy Trump supporters”; hopefully you spend some time considering about how these chaotic worldviews may be present on the liberal side, how there’s been a pretty evident and substantial “burn it all down” mentality amongst many on the liberal side. And similarly, if you’re a Trump supporter listening to this interview, hopefully you’re willing to challenge yourself and examine how Trump himself can be perceived by many as emblematic of chaotic and anti social tendencies in how abusively and recklessly he behaves, in how he has constantly tried to divide everyone into “us” and “them” since before even taking office.

One of the key aspects of how polarization dynamics play out is that we tend to not question our own side and give them a pass on things; in psychology, this is called in-group favoritism, the in-group being our own group, our tribe; And at the same time, we also filter everything about the other side through the least generous, most pessimistic lens; this is called out-group bias. If you’d like to learn more about these dynamics, I recommend listening to an interview I did of Jennifer McCoy about polarization dynamics and how they get worse. 

If your goal is to try to understand how these polarizing us vs them dynamics play out, how they ramp up, it’s important to try to see things from a more removed and objective vantage point, to try to eliminate your in-group favoritism and out-group bias. And one step in doing that is to attempt to see your own side as your political opponents view it. 

To take a specific example here: if you’re a liberal and you can see the perspective that a good number of people on the left do have some pretty antisocial and destructive views, if you can admit that there are some very bad takes that conservatives are seeing, you can better see how the perception of such things is what drives the anger and animosity of those on the right. In the same way, a liberal person’s perceptions of the worst aspects of conservative people is what drives anger and animosity on the liberal side. Attempting to see these alternative points of view helps us better see how there can be people on both sides who use these us vs them, good vs evil framings and helps us better understand how those behaviors ramp up tensions. Trying to get that vantage point also makes you more capable of making points in a way that speaks to the other side. 

It should go without saying, but each political group contains a wide variety of people, with a wide variety of beliefs, and not everyone is as bad as the worst person in that group. Some liberal people listening to this may be thinking: no, Trump supporters are horrible, they’re racist, they can’t be reasoned with;       if you’re thinking that, I’d like you to remember that about 10% of black voters voted for Trump in 2020, and about a third of Muslim voters voted for him, and that these percentages increased significantly from 2016, and that many analysts think the anti-police and anti-prison type slogans, and the militant protests and riots, and people on liberal side acting as if those things weren’t a big deal, played a role in that minority support growing for Trump. And if you can understand how there can be black and other minority Trump supporters, then you can also understand how it’s possible to be a white Trump supporter and not be motivated by racism or xenophobia; I personally know some white Trump supporters who don’t understand these framings, and while I disagree with them in their support for Trump, I do see their point of view in that regard and see how being unfairly maligned drives the us vs them polarization dynamics for them.  

Put another way: it’s important to separate your perceptions about who you see as the worst and most malicious leaders from your perceptions about your fellow citizens. While I dislike Trump as much as anyone, and believe that he might be the cause in the near future of the United States becoming a failed democracy, I also draw a big line between my beliefs about Trump and my beliefs about a randomly chosen Trump supporter. I know a lot about Trump; I don’t know a lot about that randomly chosen Trump supporter; in fact, I believe many Trump supporters are fine people. And even if you think that the other side is very wrong, we should be able to recognize that humans can be fooled and misled in various ways, and that that doesn’t make those people horrible or crazy people. For example, believing that the 2020 election was stolen doesn’t make you a white supremacist or an evil person, which are both framings i regularly see from liberals; to me, belief that the election was rigged only indicates to me that you were successfully misled by some pretty powerful people and media sources. But even this rather basic level of generosity and empathy, acknowledging that our fellow citizens are fallible, seems missing for so many people these days. 

On both the left and the right, there seems to be a percentage of people who are very unreasonable and antisocial, who have this so-called need for chaos, or something close to it. And maybe it’s possible we’re letting the most unreasonable people on both sides have undue influence on our public discussions and online discussions. In my talk with Kevin coming up, we talk about how the internet gives a lot of power to the most destructive voices.

Some people listening to what I’ve been talking about so far are thinking: ‘these are false equivalences, obviously one side is way worse.’ But I’m not debating that; obviously we all have our thoughts about which side is worse. But we’re talking about individuals here; we’re talking about psychology at an individual level. The matter of ‘who started it’ or ‘which side is worse’ isn’t relevant if our goal is understanding why individual people behave the way they do, or what we might do to help or hinder things.

And I think one big factor here: as polarization grows and we perceive more and more people around us to be unreasonable and horrible, the more our anti-social tendencies grow. When we perceive a large swatch of our fellow citizens to be horrible people, beyond redemption, the more we can understandably have an urge to “burn it all down”. Because when you perceive the world that way, your love for humanity withers; you see less and less worth saving. And I’d argue your love for your self and your own life also withers, because we are humanity and humanity is us. And I think these effects are also being amplified by the fact that modern society seems to increasingly be isolating us and making us more lonely. If these ideas are correct, then the “need for chaos” is likely growing as our polarization grows. And maybe that means in order to avoid worst case outcomes, we need more people willing to work on things that take some effort and some courage: hating the other side is easy, it’s the path of least resistance; what’s much harder is attempting to understand others’ points of view, attempting to see things from their point of view, and being willing to have conversations and listen and not presume the worst about your fellow citizens. 

I’m sorry about this very long introduction; I think these things are very important and I think they’re connected to my and Kevin’s ‘need for chaos’ conversation. 

Here’s a little bit more about Kevin Arceneaux: he’s currently a professor of Political Science at Sciences Po Paris, Center for Political Research. He’s been a Professor of Political Science with the Institute for Public Affairs, and Director of the Behavioral Foundations Lab at Temple University. He studies how people make political decisions, paying particular attention to the effects of psychological biases. A book that he co-authored was called: “Taming Intuition: How Reflection Minimizes Partisan Reasoning and Promotes Democratic Accountability”, and that took a look at why people vary in their ability to get beyond their biases. It won the 2018 Robert E. Lane Best Book Award from the APSA Political Psychology section and was co-winner of the 2018 APSA Experimental Research section’s book award. Another book he was co-author of was: “Changing Minds or Changing Channels: Partisan News in an Age of Choice”, and that studied how people’s partisan biases shape the influence of political media. It was co-winner of the 2014 Goldsmith Book Prize awarded by the Harvard Kennedy School Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy.

And of course he was a researcher on the ‘need for chaos’ research project.

Zachary Elwood: Okay, here’s the interview with Kevin Arceneaux, recorded July 22nd, 2021. Hi, Kevin. Thanks for coming on.

Kevin Arceneaux: Thanks for having me, Zach.

Zach: Yes, maybe we can start with… Can you talk a little bit about what the interest was, what the motivations were for you and the other researchers when you were thinking about researching these hostile political rumors.

Kevin: It started all right after the 2016 election. Michael and Mathias and I were sitting around, I remember I actually traveled to Denmark for a collaboration meeting where we were trying to figure out how to get our heads around what had just happened in social media, and how a lot of rumors and fake news spread during the 2016 election. And we didn’t think that the whole story was that this was just another outgrowth of partisan polarisation and partisan cheerleading, we thought that there was something a bit deeper going on. And really, this whole project has its roots in trying to understand a reaction to the events of the 2016 election.

Zach: And other objective indicators that show those kinds of things increasing, I know we all have our sense that those things are increasing, but are there objective indicators?

Kevin: That’s really hard to answer. I guess the easy answer is not any, in my mind, credible or reliable ones. Because it’s a difficult thing to chart over time. So if you think about even looking at, say, there’s work for instance on the spread of false and true stories and news on social media, especially Twitter. [unintelligible 00:12:18] are probably the most famous folks to have looked at this question. And so they look at, say, Twitter from 2006 to 2017, I believe. But even that, they don’t make claims about whether it’s rising or not, because how many people on these social networks has also grown over this time? So it’s hard to know, even if you did see an increase, it’s hard to know is it just because there’s more people there or the composition of the folks that are there has changed in some way. I think the only thing that we can say is that whether or not it’s grown or not, the ability for rumors and fake news to travel quickly across networks, that power has increased with social media. And as social media becomes broader and more embedded in our lives, that ability has also increased.

Zach: Is it accurate to say that our study of the internet and social media, how we communicate on there is still in its infancy just because it’s so hard to get a handle on these things and they change so quickly?

Kevin: Absolutely. And it’s funny to say that because we’ve been studying the internet. The internet’s not new, in a sense. We’ve been studying it for 20 years. But social media is relatively new and I think that the work on it is much better than it was 10 years ago. But we are still getting our heads around it because the platforms themselves and the technology and how we engage with it are continuing to unfold and change before our eyes.

Zach: Yeah, it just seems there’s so much disparity and thought about this. I interviewed Jamie Settle who researched and wrote a book about how Facebook seems to amplify polarisation, then you have Levi Boxell who I also interviewed saying it doesn’t seem that big a factor. And I think at the end of the day, these things are still very much in the beginning stages of being understood. And the wild thing is just how big an impact they seem to have and how little we understand the impact.

Kevin: That’s absolutely right. And you mentioned Jamie Settle’s book. Right now at this point I think it sort of stands as the strongest and deepest reflection on this by providing a theoretical framework in which you understand how people engage with social media. But even with that, we still are funny enough in a position where we’re inundated with data. I mean, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, there’s so much data we don’t even know what to do with it. And at the same time, we’re still grappling with how to understand the basic questions like the one that you posed, you know?

Zach: It’s almost like if the situation would stay static for a while, then you could get a handle of it. But it all changes so rapidly.

Kevin: That is the problem with studying technology. The nature of the beast is that it’s a moving target.

Zach: Yeah, I thought Settle’s book was so great and I think the interesting thing there is how little that work is known. I think it’s largely confined to academic areas. People will run with Levi Boxell’s work and other work critical of social media impacts, but it’s like there’s other academic work out there about the effects of social media. But it seems largely in the academic world.

Kevin: Well, thanks to folks like you, you know, more people can learn about it. The problem with the academic world, if I can criticize us for a bit, is that Jamie’s book is written beautifully. But it is still written for an academic audience and so I think a lot of people if you’re choosing a book to read on an aeroplane, it’s probably not going to be an academic one.

Zach: It’s expensive. It’s big.

Kevin: Yeah, exactly.

Zach: Yeah, let’s get to your work now. Let’s talk about your study. Maybe you can talk about the jist, if you could sum up in a few sentences what your study involved?

Kevin: Well, we were interested in understanding the psychological motivations for why people share what we call hostile political rumors. These are things that are negative and they’re meant to be negatively directed at political opponents. We were interested in what motivates people to share– not necessarily believe, but to share those items. Our work basically attempts to uncover some of the psychological mechanisms that lead people to do that. And the broad takeaway is that for many people, or I should probably say for some people, sharing things like fake news and hostile political rumors is driven by their desire for social status. And one way in which they go about trying to gain that social status is by creating chaos. And certainly sharing fake news and rumors and things like that are in a sense, a means to an end.

Zach: Your study involved asking– basically polling many people and to give people a sense of the kinds of questions you ask people. I’ll just read a few. “I get a kick when natural disasters strike in foreign countries. Our social institutions are rotten to the core. I fantasize about a natural disaster wiping out most of humanity such that a small group of people can start all over. I think society should be burned to the ground. When I think about our political and social institutions, I cannot help thinking just let them all burn.” You ask questions like this and you rated people’s agreement or disagreement with them. And I think you also in the US, at least, you also collected information about the political side that they were more aligned with. Does that all sound accurate?

Kevin: That’s exactly right.

Zach: Can you talk a little bit about the number of people that agreed with such statements?

Kevin: Thankfully, the number of people that agreed… I think we end up having 11 total statements with this scale. And most of the analyses that we run, just look at a summary of eight of the questions on the scale. If you asked, “How many people strongly agreed with all eight of these?” It would be a very small number, less than 5%. And that’s, in some sense, the good news. But if you look at the individual items here, we do find that there are a good slice of the sample– say somewhere between 10% and 15%– who do agree with questions like, “When I think about our political and social institutions, I can’t help thinking just let them burn.” As well as the statements about starting over again. So when we look at these questions and we do an analysis that actually tries to put people into categories, what we find is that there is a group of people who are sort of high in what we call need for chaos. And these are folks that tend to strongly agree with all these statements. And that’s about, like I said, about 5%. But you have another group of people; they don’t agree with all of the statements that we have, for instance they don’t get a kick out of natural disasters, but they do tend to agree with the ones about restarting society over again. And if you look at that slice of folks, it’s closer to about 15% of our sample that agree with those types of questions. So the way I would think about it or the way I think about it in my own mind is that this is a minority of folks who have these sentiments. They probably have them for different reasons. The folks that have them for the most darker elements of this– so people who enjoy natural disasters, for instance– that’s a small portion, thankfully, of the United States. But once you consider the maybe less dark motivations for wanting chaos, we do see a substantial or considerable minority of folks who might have these inclinations.

Zach: Somebody described the results as staggering, for example the fact that 24% agreed that society should be burned to the ground. Were you surprised by how high these numbers were?

Kevin: Definitely. And I think if you look at question by question, there could be some reason that a lot of people liked a particular question. But you should know that we, in a sense, did something that can be a bit risky and scary for academics. We created the scale ourselves. It’s usually the standard approach that you kind of stand on the shoulders of giants that have done things before you, which also gives you a little bit of cover to say, “Well, other people have bedded the scale.” So a lot of the preliminary work that you don’t even see in these papers was us just developing a scale that got us this characteristic that we call Need for Chaos. So  I think that in the beginning of developing the scale, I can remember Michael in TSI being like, “You know, how many people are really going to agree with these sorts of things? They’re gonna be just trolling us” And unfortunately, after working on this for a couple of years, it’s sad to say I am a bit surprised by how many people are out there that feel this way and aren’t just trolling us. I should note that all of this work happened before the pandemic, too. So, you know?

Zach: Mhm, which seemed to amplify some of those feelings on both sides. [chuckles] Yeah. There’s trolling and then I think there’s also the caveat of, you know, for a lot of people it can just be kind of cool or approved to say some of these things without really thinking about their meaning. For example, we cannot fix problems in our social institutions, we need to tear them down and start over. I know some liberal people who basically will say things like, “Burn it down.” And I know that they don’t actually believe that, it’s almost like some of the meaning of that has been subtracted because the things have become so easy and common to say. I think there’s a little bit of that, too.

Kevin: Absolutely. One of the things that we tried to do in all of these studies is try to make sure that we weren’t just picking up people who were just playing around or not being fully serious. In doing so, that means that we do end up trying to control for or remove those types of responses from our analysis. What you do find is that there still remains some group of people who seem deadly serious about this, they really do. I’ve been asked before in the past, “Is this an ideology?” I don’t think it is an ideology, but I do think it is a form of nihilism that some people just seem to gravitate towards.

Zach: I will say personally I see that around me, whether from conservatives or liberals. I have a sense of that growing from interacting with people I know and things I see in the world. That’s why your paper spoke so much to me. And I feel like a lot of people talk about the, you know, they’ll talk about the misinformation or the media and things like this. But I think it’s missing the key point which I think your study gets to, which is that there is this growing nihilism across the board for a lot of people. I think that your study captured that. The other thing you talked about, another limitation of the study is that obviously the people that believe these things aren’t necessarily going to go out and actively try to destroy society, but it gives insight into how many of these people may be acting when they’re alone in front of their computer. And those actions, the actions on the internet and on social media now have very real effects. Does that sum up your thinking in that area?

Kevin: That does. And I’m glad you brought that up because one of the things that we try to keep right in our minds and when we communicate this to other people we try to communicate, is that we developed a framework for trying to understand how people behave in an online world. And so these sorts of feelings or attitudes towards society and nihilism can be a thing that kind of lives in an online or virtual environment. We certainly don’t have any evidence on, and therefore I wouldn’t make any claims about whether or not this helps us understand whether or not folks are going to actually do something violent or join a violent movement or something like that. There are people who do study those things. And I do see some parallels with that work, but for the most part I think we’re really getting at the kind of behavior that is more or less contained in clicking and sending and basically engaging with people in a virtual environment.

Zach: Yeah, one thing that comes to mind in that area is I’d done a good amount of research into one of the most prolific fake news creators (domestic fake news creators in the US) and he went by the name of True Pundit. He was an anonymous fake news creator and he was pretty influential. He got shared… He had a lot of fake news about Hillary Clinton that was shared leading up to the 2016 election. I was this close to outing who he was and BuzzFeed beat me to him. I was actually talking to the BuzzFeed journalist and it turned out it was this guy named Michael Moore behind it. Not the Michael Moore [crosstalk 00:26:24]. Yeah, not him. It was a former journalist in Pennsylvania who kind of went off the deep end who’d been arrested by the FBI for selling bootleg hockey DVDs and had a grudge against the system. His fake news creation was very influential. In my opinion, it was a key factor in Trump winning in 2016 because his fake news got shared by Donald Trump Jr, General Flynn, and a lot of people in the right-wing conservative world. I thought it was a good example of how the behaviors of these disgruntled and angry people can have very real-world effects.

Kevin: [laughs] They really can.

Zach: In the US study that you did, you saw a need for chaos both high amongst Trump supporters less so, but also amongst Bernie Sanders supporters. Was that right?

Kevin: That’s correct. We’ve actually sort of dug in a bit more in subsequent studies. And what you find is that there really does appear to be this measure need for chaos. It doesn’t appear to neatly map onto the left-right political divide, as we sort of think about it. There do seem to be people that are a bit more on the right that are high on this need for chaos indicator but not exclusively so, and there are plenty of people who are actually on the left. But there are also, I should say, plenty of people that don’t really fit neatly into any of these political labels. And at best, we basically did a follow-up study where we tried to understand the motivations of these folks who are high in need for chaos. What we found is that they seem to be motivated not by a political ideology, it’s usually something that’s about a system for a better society. Folks on the left and folks on the right, they disagree about what that is. But they believe that if government and society were to be organized in a way that’s consistent with their belief system, it would be better for everybody. Folks that are high in need for chaos really don’t care about that. Instead, they’re much more interested in systems being designed to benefit them and people like them. So their motivation is much more self-involved, it’s much more selfish. I think that also fits with the nihilistic view of the world as well, which is the only thing that matters is me. Everything else is meaningless.

Zach: Yeah, this might be getting into too broad philosophical area, but one thing I often think of is that there can be some aspects inherent in modern society that can induce some of these feelings. For example, modern society being pretty isolating, there’s a high loneliness quotient, we have less communal activities, modern societies are a bit sensory depriving and boring, which maybe makes people longing for something more real; some purpose, some conflict. And that’s not even taking into account actual inequality of how people can look around– even if they’re doing quite well– can look around and more easily see how people better than them are doing– the people that are doing better than financially. And I’m wondering if, you know… Obviously, we’re in the very much opinion area here but I’m wondering if some of those aspects of modern society, in your mind, caused some of these things.

Kevin: We actually have some evidence that sort of… You’re right though, the broader question about society we can’t really manipulate society. But what we do find is that when we try to understand the antecedents or the substrates that lead people to develop higher levels of need for chaos. And one of the things that we see that go along with that as you were mentioning is loneliness, as well as a set of dark personality traits. So it’s not just loneliness by itself, but it’s loneliness combined with the type of people who might be higher in what psychologists call dark psychological traits. This would be psychopathy, Machiavellianism ( the desire to manipulate other people to your end), as well as narcissism. These are folks that aren’t… They’re not people you necessarily want to have as your friends, and maybe for that reason, they don’t have a whole lot of friends so they feel pretty lonely and they feel pretty isolated. What’s also interesting about that, too, and I think it touches on this question about the role that society plays in here is that folks that are high in need for chaos, they tend to be lonely, they tend to be high in dark psychological traits, but they do not tend to be poor or deprived in a material sense. If anything, folks that are high in need for chaos tend to be a bit more on the wealthier side– not rich, but not poor. And I think that one of the things… Now, this is where I’m gonna get into opinion and speculation. One of the things that I think that could be going on here is that you have folks who are not destitute, right? They feel like they have the material trappings of the type of people that should be well-off and respected in society. But for a set of reasons, real or imagined, they feel marginalized and slighted and not respected to the level that they feel like they should be in society. This is what motivates them to sow chaos. They’re angry about it, but they also don’t have much of a moral compass that reigns in how they deal with those feelings of marginalization. And as a result, they act in ways that are disruptive.

Zach: Also if we’re talking about social media effects, social media how I see it is the way it factors into a lot of these things is it allows us to be the worst versions of ourselves so easily. Whether it’s online gambling or spreading hostile political rumors, it just basically gives us an easy path to doing these things that are either bad for us or bad for society.

To clarify here on a little note, I meant being addicted to online gambling in a self-destructive way and not just engaging in online gambling. I could also have mentioned becoming addicted to online porn, becoming addicted to shopping, or any number of things that the Internet gives us an amazing power to indulge in.

Kevin: And you layer on top of that that you get to create an avatar of who you want to be on on social media. These are the same folks that if they actually were in the room talking to you, they might behave in a very different way. But online, they can hide behind pseudonyms. They can basically construct a world in which they feel powerful and dominant. And I think you’re absolutely right, social media provides folks in this position a way to kind of live a double life in a way that they didn’t have before. 

Zach: Yeah. And I’d say even for people that are not anonymous, the Internet can be a pretty deranging and distorting place. That was one reason I researched and wrote my piece on- the inherent ways in which social media may be amplifying our divides. Because I think in a few years, we’ll probably have a better sense of how deranging our interactions on social media can be, because I see a lot of people they’ll get anger from people and that seems to cause them to behave in ways that are just completely unreasonable. Because being hated online, having angry interactions online can be very destabilizing. It makes us short-circuit our reason and that can have cascading effects on how people behave.

Kevin: I completely agreed with your article on that, actually. I think you also layer on top of that, Chris Bail’s work on this topic of polarization and social media. You also layer on top of that, that most of us live in distorted… Social media, I should say, provides a distorted view of what people are saying and thinking and worried about. Not just because of the algorithms that select and sort what we see, but also because what we decide and what people decide to post on social media might be wildly different from what they would do or what they would say if they were at a dinner party or talking with a friend. So, of course what happens is we get ourselves in this sort of vicious cycle where it’s negative and provocative content that gets attention. People who want attention and likes and clicks and retweets then respond to that incentive, so then when we go on social media we think everybody is unhinged. [laughs] And then I think you’re absolutely right, then we’re in this context where people are yelling at us and we yell back at them. Then, of course, the etiquette that then governs polite interactions in the face-to-face world fall apart when you’re online, right? I mean, I don’t have to watch the person in front of me cry because I tell them I hope they get run over by a bus. Right? So I say it.

Zach: Yeah, and I think while we’re on the subject, I might as well throw in a lot of people point to Levi Boxell’s study showing that older Americans are more polarised. And people will use that to say, “Well, obviously social media can’t be a big influence.” But having talked to Levi Boxell and just did some research on it and looked at other studies, I think it’s still entirely possible that… I mean, I don’t think anybody would say it’s the main driver or what the argument is that it’s an amplifier. And I think even with the older people being more polarised, there are other routes to that that could be theoretically due to social media. Like the fact that, for example, Fox News shares the worst and most unreasonable takes from the left and uses that to rile up their audience. Things like that. There’s still mechanisms by which older people might be more disturbed by that kind of thing than younger people are.

Kevin: I think that’s absolutely right. I think it’s amplifier. I think also there’s just a different understanding about how you should engage with social media, and I think that older folks might tend to engage with social media posts. I know for a fact that there’s evidence of this in a more literal way. Whereas younger folks might see things in a more ironic or funny kind of thing, and so they might see hyperbolic posts and laugh at it. And so these things, these dynamics really do kind of complicate. It’s hard to answer the question, “What is the effect of social media?” Because it has different effects on different people for different reasons.

Zach: Totally. You can see that every day in Facebook seeing older people overreact to something that’s obviously a joke or just said to rile people up and younger people are just like, “Aah, whatever.” Yeah. I feel like there’s a tendency on the part of many on the liberal side to look at a study like yours and make simplistic deductions about this. For example, they’ll say, “Oh, well, that explains support for Trump.” But I think they’re missing the fact that while there may be more of that on the Trump supporters’ side, A, many Trump supporters don’t have these qualities. And B, many people on the liberal side do have these qualities.

Kevin: I would say that in some respect, people that want to use or do use chaos as a way to try to obtain their own reputational ends, you know, that they want to burnish their reputation or feel better about themselves, essentially. And they do this by trolling and spreading lies and rumors as well as trying to provoke others. That’s always been with us. Social media gives those folks a platform that allows them to do this on a grander scale than before. Trump, especially in 2016, Donald Trump was a perfect, if you will, weather vane. And this is it allowed them they could basically harness his candidacy to play with and troll and have a lot of fun in a sense. I mean, folks are high in need for chaos. They tell us that the two reasons that they like to spread hostile political rumors isn’t because they believe them per se, but because they think it’ll help them obtain their ends. And also because it’s funny. Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton I think we’re a perfect storm in terms of if you wanted to really rile people up. It was the perfect two. Because you have Donald Trump who is essentially a chaos candidate. He’s doing things that folks hat are high in need for chaos love and find funny. And Hillary Clinton is a perfect foil. [laughs] She’s in a lot of ways maybe could be considered overly serious and all this sort of stuff. I think we should also mention… But we should also mention that her gender, I think, also attracted. If you think about Gamergate and these other instances where we see people high in need for chaos behaving in horrible ways, turning that iron and that fire on women I think is something that for folks that are high on these kinds of dark traits, it’s even more fun for them to do. So the 2016 election, I don’t think was about the moment that folks high in need for chaos were getting their political ideology net by Donald Trump. I think if Donald Trump were a Democrat, they would have done the same thing.

Zach: Also, the Clinton family itself they’re a good example of how these things have been going on for a long time because people have been spreading hostile political rumors about them for their family for 20 or 30 years or whatever.

Kevin: How many people have they killed? [laughs]

Zach: Yeah, exactly. So many stories there. And I was gonna say, too, the focus on whose side is worse while obviously we all have our beliefs about that. I think what I see happening here is a ramping up of the fact that the most angry and unreasonable people on both sides, no matter who we believe started it, they’re both driving both things to ramp things up. And it really feels like it is the way that the most nihilistic and tear-it-all-down members of both sides seem to be having an unusual amount of influence on ramping up the divisions. At least that’s how things seem to me these days.

Kevin: I think you’re absolutely right. They do it for different reasons but it has the same outcome.

Zach: And I can’t remember his name, but some of what you’re saying has reminded me of this guy, this social theorist who studied Beatles and then got into talking about how there will be an impending destruction of society because modern society has created too many people who want to seek being elites but they can’t actually become elites because there’s not enough space for them. Do you know who I’m talking about? I can’t read his name off head.

Kevin: I’m in the same boat as you are. I’m familiar with that argument but I can’t tell you who said that.

Zach: A little note here. The person whose name I couldn’t remember was Peter Turchin. T U R C H I N. If you’re interested to learn more about his ideas, you can find an interesting piece about him in The Atlantic.

 Zach: He was kind of scoffed at but I thought he made some good points in seeing how there can be this drive for recognition, you know? That we see other people getting recognition around us but yet society doesn’t offer enough spots for that recognition, so so many people end up feeling slighted and feeling like, “Well, I just want to tear things down then.”

Kevin: I mean, that’s part of it. I would maybe also reframe that as part of what’s going on. Especially right now one of the dynamics in the western world is by trying to make hierarchies flatter, and therefore allow more diversity and more people to be who once before were considered lower on the social hierarchy. Once you sort of say, “No, we’re going to challenge sexism, we’re going to challenge racist ideologies. We’re not going to accept these anymore,” there’s always going to be a group of people that say– folks in this case, white men, are going to say “Well, that’s where I get my status. It’s from just being unquestionably in this higher part of the hierarchy. Once you say it’s open to more folks, then these people will feel slighted and marginalized even if they’re not necessarily really are. But just because now it’s not unquestionably the case that because you’re a man or because you’re white or because you’re filling in the blank, you get X privileges. I think that’s actually motivating a lot of this. Not 100%, but from the data that we’re looking at, you know? To the extent that folks that are high in need for chaos tend to be on the right, they’re the type of person who says, “I basically want the world to be like it was before we talked about all this equality stuff.”

Zach: From the conservative side, one of the more interesting arguments I’ve heard on that side was a talk between Ezra Klein and conservative David French. He espoused the conservative view that while the liberal side may be giving service to those ideas from many conservatives point of view, that’s just being used to foster similar power dynamics and attempts to gain power. That was a  really interesting talk if anybody wants to hear that. It was one of the more interesting political discussions I’d heard, just from getting a sense of what it is that some of the more reasonable conservatives think on topics like that.

Kevin: I think part of what’s going on there too is it really is a different mentality. And sometimes these drive ideological differences. So if you have a worldview that things are zero-sum, equality isn’t really a thing. Right? You have a hierarchy and then you’re just going to decide who’s on the top and who’s not on the top. And I think a lot of folks on the left, they tend to have a nonzero-sum view of the world. Which could be equally as sort of Pollyanna or overly idealistic. Because, of course, you can’t have a fully flat organization either. Things have to get done and you have to have…

Zach: And people do have a desire for getting above others, which always messes the equality thing up. Yeah.

Kevin: It always does. Yeah, absolutely.

Zach: So your study sheds a pretty dark and disturbing light on human nature and the current political environment. And one thing I sometimes wonder if there’s something inherent in humans that is very hard for us to achieve a stable large group, and that it always seems to end up in some sort of bad outcome and us-versus-them conflict. Do you think there’s something to that that modern society may in some way contain the seeds of this demise and in allowing us to reach a point where we’re not thinking as much about survival. That we’re able to look around us and say, “Hey, this system is very unfair,” no matter who’s saying that. Because you can always find elements of the system that are unfair in some way and lead to bad outcomes, or look around you and say, “These leaders are very fallible making lots of mistakes.” I’m curious if you see… Am I being too negative, too pessimistic in seeing some of these dynamics?

Kevin: I don’t think you are. It’s easy to be a pessimist especially in these times. And I think that for me, I prefer to think about this as challenges or limitations created by human psychology, rather than a deterministic thing where it says, “Well, because humans have a particular bias, we can’t get up and get over it.” But I will say one of the challenges that large-scale diverse societies have always confronted is the fact that humans have a tendency to identify with groups, and a desire to belong to groups that are distinctive in some way. The social psychologist Marilynn Brewer who’s done some of the most important and the most interesting work on social identities notes this sort of, in some sense, opposing drives that are intention. The desire to belong to a group that has status and is powerful in some sense or well respected, but at the same time one that is distinctive. What that means is that there’s some optimal size for how large our ingroup can be. And it’s difficult, therefore, for humans to say, “Well, I’m just a human being. That’s the group I belong to.” Or,”I’m just a creature, all creatures are in my group.” Even folks on the left, we will see the world through the prisms of groups and will– I see this on social media all the time– will do the things that humans do when they’re in competition with another group. And that is to denigrate the opposing group, to treat them with a double standard, and to behave in ways that I think is destructive when you’re trying to live together. It’s destructive even if you’re trying to live side to side, right? Those are the things that lead to wars and other horrible stuff. But that’s it. The reason why that’s a challenge for modern society, diverse modern societies, is that the hope of a democratic political system is that we can resolve our differences peacefully through elections, through reasoned debate, and these sorts of things. That’s all completely short-circuited when we divide ourselves in a sectarian way where we say, “My group is the best thing, it’s always right, and is existentially threatened by some other group.” When societies find themselves in that place, what we see is that it’s almost impossible to resolve that democratically. Sure, you can have an election. But if you lose the election, it’s because the other side did something horrible and terrible and they cheated and we need to go kill them. That’s the thing that I worry about when I’m being pessimistic, is social media I don’t necessarily think it’s a cause of this, but it does allow us to fall into a sectarian pattern where we don’t just disagree or see ourselves different from another group of society, but we see them as the enemy and as evil incarnate. And therefore, we can do anything necessary to protect ourselves from them. That dynamic which we see increasingly in the West, certainly in the United States, I think that’s the biggest threat as having a stable society that’s diverse.

Zach: I’ve had conservatives ask me what the worst thing about Donald Trump is in a genuine way, because they just don’t see it sometimes. And the number one thing I point to is just the division, you know? The creation of this… And he’s a good example of all of these things. He’s a very representative of these us-versus-them dynamics and he’s fostered that so much in his speeches and emails and painting liberals as not real Americans and all these kinds of things. Yeah, just a very good example. There’s a lot of other things we could talk about but I think I’ve probably taken enough of your time. You’ve done some very interesting work, you’ve written books about the effects of cable TV, news, and you found that it wasn’t as big as an effect as most people think. In fact, you thought that people were largely polarised before watching cable news. So that looked very interesting. I don’t know if you want to talk a second about that book and how you see that.

Kevin: I see this fitting into social media. One of the things that I think that that book points to and that I found over and over again in my research is that we make a mistake when we’re thinking about the effects of media when we treat people as if they’re just passive receptacles of information, so if they see a media post on Twitter, they’re just going to believe it. That’s usually not the case, people are not that stupid. Instead, largely what we see is that when it comes to politics, first of all not that many people are interested in politics or motivated to discuss it or to engage with it. That’s number one. It’s a small slice of society or the polity that engages in this. Those folks already have opinions, often very strong ones. And so largely, cable TV 15 years ago was sort of the Twitter of today, right? When people engage or receive information, partisan information, they tend to put it through a filter which is “Does this agree either with my worldview, if they’re being sophisticated about it? Or is this consistent with what my political group thinks? Is this is what other Democrats or Republicans think or other liberals or conservatives think?” And so those things, I think are the bigger problem. It’s not necessarily partisan cable news or even rumors and misinformation today that we’re talking about on social media, it’s about people’s often inability to stop and be a bit reflective and second guess their own intuitions and biases. Those are actually a bigger deal in creating this dynamic that we have-

Zach: And you’ve written a book about that, too, the ability to take a step back and think about-

Kevin: That’s the more optimistic work I’ve done. Although you could say the pessimistic aspect is that it’s also not that many people [laughs] that habitually, I should say, tend to be reflective. But the silver lining there is that humans do have this capacity. It is one of the things that I think allowed human beings to become the apex animal, if you will, in the ecosystem. It’s the ability to think and reason. I think that this might be getting a little too broad and philosophical, but think about the idea for democracy. And the idea of not just democracy, but democracy in a broad diverse society. It’s something with its roots in the Enlightenment era. And so a lot of the philosophical under support for democracy starts with the notion that people can reason, and are enlightened enough to reason and come to decisions in a peaceful way even when they disagree. I think that’s true, but in some sense the Enlightenment led us to maybe think that… I think it led many people to think that it’s just something that is inevitable. That we’re constantly moving forward, we’re getting more educated, we’re getting more tolerant, et cetera, et cetera. I think there is something to that. But that doesn’t mean that we’ve left behind us the Dark Ages. That’s always going to be with us. Those mentalities are always going to be with us. The drive to want the world to be a simple place where you’re always right and your group is always right, that’s just always going to be with us. And so I think the challenge for modern society and for democracies is how can we get more people to stop and push against their own comfort zones? I think right now we’re in a dark place because as you say, when you put people in a context where they’re just yelling at each other, even the most thoughtful person is gonna get angry and fire off some ill-thought things.

Zach: And it could be that there’s some structure, some societal government structure that prevents these things better from happening. Like, people talking about the rank voting things. It’s entirely possible that we’re just– in the US anyway– that many people are in structures that foster these worst outcomes, and then there’s some structures that would do a better job at preventing those outcomes, whatever those structures may be.

Kevin: Yeah, I think that’s right. I think that is a problem in the United States. It’s having the two-party system. Once you get into this sort of like… Lilly Mason has done work on this. Once people completely stack their social identity so that they completely align with one political side or the other, you get into the sectarian mindset where it’s us versus them. In a multi-party system, you’re less likely to have that kind of dynamic. Nonetheless, I’m living here in France right now and it’s a multi party system, but you see some of the similar dynamics. Largely though, because again, you can always try to boil things down to us versus them. You know, it’s French people who are French versus new arrivals who are not playing by the rules. So you can always create a world in which there’s just two groups that hate on each other. But I do agree with you that the political system in the United States just allows that to be amplified and harnessed in a sense for political gain. And that’s the most difficult thing to address. Once you have a political party that can reliably attract votes by stoking those divides, then those divides are going to get stoked.

Zach: All right, this has been a great talk. Thanks, Kevin.

Kevin: Thank you. This has been a lot of fun.

Zach: That was Kevin Arceneaux. You can find his research and books by searching for his name online, and you can find his website that way too.

Categories
podcast

What is quarterback Ben Roethlisberger’s tell?, with Jon Hoefling

In this episode, I interview Jon Michael Hoefling, a sports analyst and broadcaster, about a recent story that was making the rounds: a young man named Theo Ash, who has a popular TikTok where he analyzes football, had found a physical tell that Steelers’ quarterback Ben Roethlisberger had: how Roethlisberger positioned his foot before a play indicated with almost near certainty whether he would run or pass. Jon Hoefling had written a piece for Deadspin about this, and I invited him on to talk about this tell – about why it showed up, about how likely it was that other teams had noticed it, about what the practical way to take advantage of it would be – and about some other football and sports tells. I may also have on Theo Ash in another episode, as I’m curious to know how he noticed this and what other things he’s noticed.

See the bottom of this post for other topics and resources. Podcast links:

Other topics discussed include:

  • The role that analyzing video plays in football and how they may not be focusing that much on individuals
  • Some other football tells
  • The football tell in the movie Invincible
  • Some baseball tells
  • Andre Agassi’s claim that he had a super reliable read on Boris Becker
  • Cheating scandals in baseball, including sign stealing and pitchers using “sticky stuff”

Related resources:

Categories
podcast

Understanding pushback to liberal-side transgender ideas and stances, with Carey Callahan

For the purposes of political de-escalation and conflict-resolution (a frequent goal of mine with this podcast), it’s important to understand the more rational, well meaning arguments the “other side” has, and not perceive the other side as all as bad as its worst people.

To that end, this is a talk with Carey Callahan aimed at examining the more rational reasons for pushback to liberal-side transgender and gender identity stances. Carey Callahan is a family therapist who writes about gender dysphoria topics, with an emphasis on healthcare. There’s a transcript of our talk below.

Topics discussed include:

  • Why it’s so hard to have discussions about transgender topics and why the emotions and animosity can be so high.
  • Disconnects and miscommunications that occur in these discussions that increase perceptions of malice or bigotry even when those aren’t present.
  • How the polarized and high-emotion dynamics on transgender issues are similar to other highly polarized and emotional dynamics on other hot button issues.
  • Criticisms of gender identity theory, including the idea that gender identity theory itself, by how it relies on rather stereotypical “feminine” and “masculine” concepts, may be influencing people to try to categorize themselves with these binary labels, and may in effect be increasing people’s chances of having gender dysphoria.

See the bottom of this post for other topics and resources, including a transcript. Podcast links:

Other topics discussed include:

  • Is it caring and supportive to avoid discussing whether transitioning is always the best answer for someone or is it possible that’s an avoidance of care and “the easy way out”?
  • How some people conflate the criticizing of gender identity theory with disrespecting trans people, when those two things are not related (e.g., one can be transgender and criticize gender identity theory).
  • The possibility of psychological and environmental factors in gender dysphoria and why it can be perceived as disrespectful to discuss that, even though those can obviously be factors for some people.
  • The role families with more conservative/traditional gender expectations may play in affecting how a child views their traits (e.g., viewing gender expression as something fairly binary when it’s not).
  • Carey’s recounting of her own story and what factors were present in her being gender dysphoric and deciding to transition, and deciding to detransition.

Related resources:

TRANSCRIPT

Zach: Hello and welcome to the People Who Read People podcast with me Zach Elwood. This is a podcast about understanding human behavior. You can learn more about this podcast at readingpokertells.video. You can follow me on Twitter @apokerplayer. 

In this episode recorded July 13, 2021, I talked to Carey Callahan, that’s Carey C-A-R-E-Y. Carey is a family therapist who writes about gender dysphoria. You can find her writing on medium.com. Carey herself has suffered from gender dysphoria. She had previously identified as a man and had started the transition process including taking testosterone before deciding to detransition. She was featured in an article in The Atlantic about people who have detransitioned. If you want a quick summary of her story, there’s a very interesting 10-minute video The Atlantic did about her. You can find it by searching for Carey Callahan Atlantic video or go to my podcast blog at Reading Poker Tells video and I’ll have that and other related resources. 

Carey and I will talk about some gender identity and transgender topics. We won’t talk about all of them of course. Our focus will mostly be around the philosophy of gender identity theory and how the theory itself may impact how people think about themselves. We’ll also talk about how much it makes sense to attempt to educate people about concerns and risks when they’re thinking about transitioning, especially younger people. Along the way, we’ll question and criticize some of the common ideas that many trans activists and liberal people have around these topics. To some people, pushing back on some of these commonly held beliefs is tantamount to being a bigot, or at the very least, to not being respectful or helpful. But hopefully, you’ll see as the interview progresses that the things we are talking about are not actually that controversial, and that talking about these things may actually be much more respectful and caring than avoiding these topics and acting as if there’s nothing to talk about. 

To give you just one example of what I mean. There are many parents of young gender dysphoric children who wants to talk about these topics, who want to know what the right thing is to do, and want to have these tough conversations to help decide, how do I best help my child. But these parents have a hard time finding people they can have such discussions with, including in the medical community, because the standard approach seems to be mostly to avoid these serious conversations. The common approach seems to be to uncritically accept people’s ideas about themselves and what’s best for them, and to fast track people to getting hormones and surgery. So at the very least, even if you disagree with some of the things Carey or I say, hopefully you’ll see that we believe talking about these things is caring and it’s helpful. 

One criticism some people might have about this talk is why did you interview a detransitioned person about these issues and not say a happily transitioned person? Doesn’t that mean you’re in some way disrespectful and anti-trans? I’ve seen that criticism elsewhere about some other articles and interviews. I did actually consider interviewing a transgender person, but I had a few concerns there. The main one being that they would perceive my attempt to have some tough conversations in this area as bullying, that they would perhaps try to portray me as anti-trans before the interview even started. I’m sure I could have found someone who would have made for a great talk who’d be willing to talk about these things, but those were my anxieties and I knew it might take me a while to find the right person if I took that approach. 

Other reasons I asked Carey were that one, she’s actually experienced a lot of these topics herself. And two, when I read her writing, I could see she cared about the topic that she was respectful of gender dysphoric and trans people and supported their autonomy to make their own decisions. While she did detransition, she knows there are many happy transgender people who have transitioned and her work does not take away from that. If you’re interested in these topics, I highly recommend reading her pieces on Medium. Her work seems so obviously helpful and well-meaning. It’s a bit mind boggling to me that people would read her work and think that she’s anti-trans or perceive her as being malicious. She’s simply lives some of these things and wants to use her experience to help other people who may be going through similar things and who may have similar experiences. 

I also say that my desire to do this talk isn’t only related to the transgender issue. I think the often angry and hysterical us versus them dynamics around this topic are representative of a lot of conversations about hot button topics these days. Those topics where we’ve sorted ourselves into us and them, where many of us take the stance that anyone who doesn’t completely align with “our side” is the enemy, is to be feared. Trying to have nuanced reasonable discussions about some of these topics seems increasingly impossible, even dangerous. 

Many of us are afraid to talk about the topics to criticize “our side” and this means that more extreme and unreasonable voices tend to have more and more influence. So a big part of me wanting to tackle such a tough topic isn’t even about the topic itself, it’s about the meta topic of how we talk about tough topics, about our angry us versus them dynamics. My decision to have this talk is to maybe help foster the idea that we can have discussions and push back on ideas on our own side, and maybe that’s the best thing we could be doing.

I’ve spent a good amount of time researching political polarization and writing about it and interviewing experts on the subject for this podcast. And also, have spent some time researching and writing about how social media plays into these dynamics. So if the topic of political polarization interests you and how that’s related to this topic, stick around after the interview and I’ll talk more about that and what we can maybe do about it. Before I play the interview, maybe an important caveat. Obviously, I’m far from an expert about these topics just as I’m not that knowledgeable about all the topics I interview people about for this podcast. If I say something wrong or awkwardly, that’s because I’m pretty much an amateur in these areas. I’m just a person trying to learn about people in the world. Okay, here’s the interview with Carey Callahan. 

Zach: Hi Carey, thanks for coming on. 

Carey: Yeah, absolutely. Thanks for having me. 

Zach: I think an interesting place to start this would be talking about my own anxiety about even talking about this subject. Because despite having nothing but the best of intentions on my side and despite my belief that I’m going to be saying nothing actually controversial or offensive, there’s still this anxiety in me, and I thought maybe it’d be interesting to analyze my own fears a bit and see if they capture why these things are hard to talk about so I’ll try that right now. 

So one, I’m afraid of people perceiving what I’m saying as unhelpful or hurtful to them, and it hurts to have people perceive that even if you believe that that is not true, that that’s not what you’re doing. Then second, I’m aware that some people might attack me for things I say, call me a bigot or an anti-trans person for talking about these issues and even if I believe that I’m trying to have a helpful discussion and I’m not being a bigot or hateful or anything, it’s not a pleasant feeling to be attacked and that can have real life repercussions. I’m curious, do you think that’s a pretty good summary of the fears involved in trying to talk about these issues? And why most people just avoid talking about these topics even if the feel they are things to talk about?

Carey: Yeah, absolutely. I think that my own emotional journey, talking about these issues, I’ve had to really accept how scary I am to people and how scary what I’m trying to discuss is. You have to respect it. You have to get to a place where you say like, ”Okay, so there’s reasons for that fear.” And that doesn’t mean that you get less scary, and it doesn’t mean that you get more understood or less judged. But I think it has helped me accept being misunderstood and helped me accept no matter what effort I make to make the information and the messages as safe as they can be, the attacks and the misunderstanding is just inevitable. So it helps. I feel like that headspace helps me keep doing it.

Zach: Right. With these dynamics of being attacked online for whatever the topic, it seems like the two branches you could go down are either getting angry in response, and that’s a pretty common thing to see these days and I think that explains a lot of people’s really unreasonable behavior online. And then the other branch path would be empathy and understanding for why are these people angry at me and accepting that even if you don’t agree with them, respecting that anger and not letting it make you angry. It sounds like you’re taking the much more mature approach of empathy and-

Carey: I’ve taken both.

Zach: Yeah, well, yeah. Maybe on a one-on-one case because I think it’s okay to get angry in a one-on-one situation versus like I’m going to hate this entire group of people, which seems to be the case in so many of these hot button conversations. People get attacked online and then they’re like, “Oh, eff these people. Now I’m against them completely or something.” But yeah, there are still reasons to have debate and get angry and I don’t want to imply that that is a bad thing to. 

Carey: Yeah. What’s been really good for me actually is that I’ve gotten multiple messages from people who have told me like, “I used to watch your YouTube videos five or six years ago.” And I totally was like, “I’m totally different from this woman. She’s really messed up from trauma or whatever and this has nothing to do with me.” Then they reach out to me now and they’re like, “Oh, actually, you were saying good stuff.” So I’ve had encounters from people who misunderstood what I was putting out there and then came to understand it, so that helps a lot. Everyone really is on a journey. 

Zach: Yeah, that was one thing I was really curious about is because the perception online and the internet is such a distorted view of things. A few angry people can make it seem like there is a lot of angry people. I was curious to ask you. You must get a lot of appreciation almost behind the scenes maybe in a lot of cases?

Carey: Yes.

Zach: I’m curious if… Would you say you get just as much or more appreciation as you get anger? Is that a fair question?

Carey: Definitely through email, I get more appreciation. The people who get angry at me aren’t angry enough to write me personal emails whereas the people who are appreciative are appreciative enough to write the email so that’s awesome. I feel like mostly the hate comes not even in people tweeting at me, but in how people will talk about me or organizations I’ve been a part of in articles. So it’s not like they’re coming directly at me being like, “You’re transphobic.” It’s more like they’re discussing me as a transphobic. Which is still just to say very frustrating. I feel powerless when it happens. That would be when I feel angry when like…

Zack: Right, the distortions. Yeah. And the Internet has become– it’s such a hall of mirrors where somebody says something somewhere, it’s like a game of telephone, it’s taken out of context so quickly and I think that’s the dynamic we’re dealing with. To take a small analogy, my wife got in an altercation with a restaurant person online the other day and he basically was lying about her, he said completely untrue things and it really bugged her. 

Carey: Oh man, that’s awful. 

Zach: And I’m just reminding her like, “The internet is just a bunch of distortions.” There’s people purposefully lying, there’s people misinterpreting things, there’s people basically playing game of telephone where they’re just repeating what they saw elsewhere in wrong ways. And so, I think it’s… I’m sure you’ve thought about these things a lot because those are the things that make you realize that a lot of the hate that you get is distorted. It comes from people without the full story and you’re just angry at that moment and want to lash out.

Carey: Yeah, scared and angry. Still, I wish that fact checking was more of a thing, but still.

Zach: For sure. That seems like a cat who’s out of the bag or Pandora’s box. But something you said that really struck me in The Atlantic feature of your story, the complexity of the truth is inconvenient to both sides. I think that really spoke to me, not just on this issue, but on so many issues where we’ve become so polarized and it’s really hard to have a nuanced debate about things because everyone wants to force things to one side or the other. So I really like that quote.

Carey: Yeah, I still absolutely believe that. Especially in the American context, the American healthcare system is so complex. And even if you’re talking about differences between states, differences between insurance companies, the specifics of a person’s situation matters a lot. So when talking about detransitioning or talking about the low quality of trans health care that people have encountered get simplified into being anti-transition, that really bugs me. 

Actually, it’s funny this year in my personal life, that simplification has popped its head up where people have assumed that I’m against a certain person transitioning and that’s never where I’m coming from. I want every person who experiences gender dysphoria to get the highest quality of health care they can get and I think it’s really worth it to talk about what’s going on when that doesn’t happen. Because I as someone who experiences gender dysphoria, I think that we’re very valuable, right? So to have that become that I’m somehow against someone’s autonomous choice to make themselves feel better and have a fulfilling life, it just feels really weirdly off to me. 

Zach: That’s what’s frustrating to me about your story. It just seems from reading your writing your heart is in such an obviously good place to me. Obviously, people can detransition and make mistakes and those people exist and to act like that is not a thing. Somebody has to talk about that. To attack like people shouldn’t talk about that it’s just wild to me, for instance. 

Carey: Yeah, it’s wild. Sometimes people will say, “Well, it’s way more common for people to detransition for a short amount of time and then go back to transition.” That does happen quite a bit because medical transitions are really tough and also just building a life around that is really tough like jobs and apartments, discrimination is very real. But I’ve never understood that argument because if someone’s doing a temporary detransition, that is a person who needs lots of support just like the person who is detransitioning in a much more permanent way. Both populations need care that is like pretty open-minded to what challenges they might be facing and what kind of support they need. 

Zach: Yeah. It’s clear that even if the amount of people that can be argued about, even if it’s a very small amount of people who detransition, there’s still a population that exists and theoretically with totally a very large population. So to act as if that’s not a population to be served or on the other side, to act as if there aren’t things to think about before transitioning, which is the other thing you write about, potential concerns. One great example that comes to mind is you talking about not smoking a lot of weed when you’re thinking about transitioning because marijuana is a dissociative drug. These kinds of things are just fantastic advice. They come from a very well-meaning place and that people could think that that was not coming from a good place is just mind boggling to me.

Carey: Right, it’s coming from a well-meaning and experienced place. I think I do understand why medical transition is such a hard project to pull off. I do understand why people feel like keeping it really positive and keeping it supportive is important. It’s such a tricky project that you want to slow people down and make sure they’re thinking about all the details. Now, I found that for myself, my head was in a very fantasy prone place and you don’t want to be making these plans from that stance. You want to be dealing in specifics and you want to be making very specific detailed plans for how things are going to go.

Zach: Yeah. I think I’m going to attempt to summarize what I see is the problem in that area of where a lot of the anger comes about and I think it’s because many liberals seem to think that the way we show support for trans people is by not questioning anything, that the kind loving answer is to essentially say, don’t question any of this, don’t set up any obstacles at all to the people who want to transition, don’t consider any debate that there might be other issues that might be at play, don’t be concerned about young children who want to transition, give them whatever they need at any age, don’t ask any questions. When I attended to talk about this with one liberal acquaintance, one of her responses was basically, “This is serious business. People are dying. You should be more respectful.”

And I think that’s a common attitude for a lot of people that an attempt to talk about this stuff is itself the problem, that it’s doing harm to gender dysphoric and trans people. But I think many people stances and probably your stance would be we’re actually doing a big disservice to people, especially to younger people, by not having serious talks about these subjects of not offering some cautions and some learnings and some debates along the way. Am I getting the crux of that problem right?

Carey: Absolutely. And this is actually something where I get a little bit angry. Because I’ve had very similar conversations with people and I had one in particular with someone whose relative was transitioning, and this was an area that I knew well so I knew the doctors in the geographic area. I asked this lady like, “What surgeon are they going to?” And she was like, “Well, that’s none of my business.” Right? And that’s very easy. That’s a very easy stance to take. If your stance is I’m a good person because I refuse to engage with my loved ones about the specifics of their health care, wow, that really lets you off the hook. That’s really easy way to be a good person. But some doctors are scumbags, some doctors are not good at their jobs and your relative deserves a doctor who knows what they’re doing. A question like that, that’s not about someone’s identity, that’s not about whether someone has the right to identify as a gender that will make their life work for them. That’s about the care that they’re receiving. These surgeries and these hormonal treatments are not easy stuff. So when I get attacked in situations like that, that’s a hard one for me not to be angry about because I do feel like that hands off approach can become selfish. You want to be a good person so bad you’re not willing to steer your relative towards thinking about the quality of their doctors? 

1Zack Elwood: Yeah, it seems like a least resistance path that is masquerading as love, as empathy and I think it’s like these… I see that in other areas too where it’s like we won’t question things and that is our form of showing respect. Another analogy for this that was thinking about young children having kids like teenagers having kids and many young people say, “I want to be a mother. I want to rush out and have kids.” Is it loving to say, “There’s nothing to think about. Go ahead. That is your choice. If that is how you want to form your life, there’s nothing to think about.” Is that supportive? Is that loving? Is it helpful to avoid tough conversations?

Carey: Exactly. I can absolutely see why it’s tempting to be really hands-off and really unilaterally supportive, especially when someone’s doing something that is risky like having kids or like changing their body. But you have to ask yourself like, “Yeah, am I being selfish here? Am I being really self-centered and this unilateral support that this person will eat up and love, but maybe will not serve them?”

Zach: Yeah, maybe a good segue here because as you know I want to talk about some of the gender identity theory stuff and maybe a good segue to is theoretically, by not questioning anything at all, including the theories and the ideas that are in the environment, there’s chances that more people affected by the environment will believe they have gender dysphoria when they don’t actually because the ideas are just so pervasive. And that’s obviously a controversial topic that I want to touch on more later, but maybe a good way to start this is, what is the gender identity theory or theories as they’re commonly thought of?

Carey: I always think of this particular anecdote in my life, which is I worked at a community mental health agency for a while and this community mental health agency had a parenting manual for everybody because a lot of what they did was parenting education. It was very popular one. It’s called Nurturing Parenting. In this parenting book, just like a little soft cover thing of worksheets and illustrations about things like how to swaddle your child, how to feed your kid healthy stuff, how to set a schedule for your kid, they said that girls and boys have different brains, and one of the proofs of this are trans people, right? What that means is that at least in Northern Ohio for low-income families, they are being given information from trusted sources saying that the female brain and the male brain are distinctly different and that is why girls are more relational focused and boys are more focused on trucks and guns. 

And so, I don’t want to simplify gender theory too much, but that’s what it comes down to the idea that these stereotypes that we have about female and male people are rooted in reality about our brain structure. Research does not tend to bear this out. But the existence of trans people for some reason gets folded into this overarching theory. That all these things that we could pin on socialization and social pressures or even on just the physical differences between our bodies and who’s stronger, that is wiped away and it just gets pinned on these mysterious structures in our brains.

Zach: A small but maybe important update here. A trans person who listened to this episode pointed out to me that many people don’t believe gender identity has anything to do with the brain, that it’s more about one’s own feelings, that one’s traits don’t match up with society’s expectations. That it’s more about one’s own view of oneself. This person told me that therefore our talk was way off the mark, that that’s not how they or many people view gender identity at all. And they’re right, there are different conceptions of what gender identity represents and many people do think it’s a much more subjective thing that one decides for oneself. Clearly, some trans people do seem to be more on the intrinsic brain related side of things and believing that they are in some intrinsic way miscast and that their brains were born into the wrong body. So there are clearly different conceptions of gender identity theory. But I don’t think that in any way detracts from the ideas that Carey and I discussed here. 

For either conception of gender identity, it still gets down to an idea that some traits are or should be more associated with masculine or feminine. Both conceptions are entirely subjective because even if you believe it’s something brain related, we have no proof for that generally or for individuals specifically. Both of these conceptions of gender identity are about deciding something like these traits of mine don’t fit most people’s conception of what the traits of someone with my biological sex should be. So I just wanted to mention this in case there was an objection for anyone listening. I actually had edited out some stuff where Carey talked about how people’s conception of gender identity was a bit more complex than what she had said, but she was trying to boil down the essence of it and how it’s perceived by many people. 

I’m probably saying what people listening know, but the idea is that if you’re say a man, you might identify as a female gender because you feel in feminine ways you act in feminine ways and you might associate more with the feminine side of the spectrum is the basic idea of the gist of it. Is that accurate to say for people who have gender dysphoria?

Carey: Yeah, that if you were in the world, in a male body, but you were very empathetic, very gentle, very interested in nurturing, maybe more interested in relationships and stories than you are in destroying or building things. Or if you’re interested in being pretty, flamboyant, getting desired visually, all of these things, since we associate them with female stereotypes might make a male person think that they have a different brain than other male people.

Zach: To state probably the obvious for most people, but in this theory, this is not at all related to who you prefer sexually for your sexual attraction in other words. It’s just about the gender identity that you associate with interiorly. I just wanted to make sure that that’s clear. 

In other words, gender identity theory is a theory of psychology, it’s an idea of how our minds, our brains might operate and you could liken it to other theories of psychology. It is just an idea of how things work. I want to say that because this is where I think there’s a lot of misunderstanding too where a lot of the anger comes from that me attempting to talk about or debate about the gender identity theory is disrespectful to gender dysphoric or trans people, when to me, I see no connection between a debate, an intellectual debate about that theory and issues of respect for trans people. In other words, disagreeing with this intellectual theory of the mind is in no way related to being for or against trans rights. You could be a trans person and disagree with a theory. To make an analogy, you don’t need to believe in a specific psychological theory to be gay. And presumably, you also wouldn’t need to believe in a specific psychological theory to have a strong urge to transition to another sex. 

Assuming you agree with me, maybe you can talk about is my take right that people equate the debate or criticism of the gender identity theory with criticism or disrespect of gender dysphoric or trans people? Is that an accurate read of the situation?

Carey: I do think it’s accurate, and I think it’s the reality of what beliefs are in the trans population about gender is so much more complex. There are so many trans people, especially intellectuals frankly, who do challenge the brain sex theory. I call it brain sex. But it’s like the overarching narrative that organizations like GLAD or HRC push is this brain sex theory and I think what’s going on is that there’s this belief that it needs to be super, super simple for the straight normie population to accept it when in actuality, trans intellectuals don’t accept it because it is so simplistic and also it breaks down so quickly. I think it’s interesting. I think it’s a theory that is driven by a sense of political experience. I think most thinking thoughtful people in the trans community actually don’t buy into it.

Zach: Interesting. I did not know that.

Carey: That’s my take. That really is my viewpoint so I could be wrong about that. And also, it’s a little strange to say that someone’s rights to change their body or live as a certain gender needs to be predicated on them having some difference in their brain. That’s actually respectful. 

Zach: Totally, because that’s what bugs me about some of the gay rights talk is acting as if they’re born that way so it’s okay. It’s like, “No, that’s not why it’s okay. It’s okay because they’re adults who can do what they want.” It doesn’t matter how it came about. It’s exactly whether there’s environmental factors or whatever it is, it doesn’t matter to me and it shouldn’t matter to other people because we don’t really know it at the day. So to act as if it requires a physical explanation or a specific explanation like that is disrespectful to me.

Carey: Yeah, I would agree. I understand why the born-that-way narrative got so popular and I don’t think it’s necessary if we really, truly respect people’s rights to build the life they want.

Zach: So maybe you could talk a little bit about the criticisms of the gender identity theory, and to be completely transparent as I’ve told you, the logic behind it strikes me as is very circular, very self-referential in terms of how it on one hand, wants to transcend traditional gender stereotypes and roles, but very much relies on those gender stereotypes and roles. So I’m curious if maybe you could give a rundown or I could keep going about the criticisms, but maybe you have a better concise way to put it.

Carey: Well, I’ll just go through my criticisms of it. I think the criticisms of it are so numerous that it would be hard to even get them all because it’s so easy to pick this apart, right? One, all the processes that get left out of the picture if we pin gender stereotypes on brain sex, so that means that we’re never going to talk about socialization, we’re never going to talk about just material reality in terms of strength and aggression, we’re never going to talk about whose bodies are implicated when reproduction happens and how that changes things. Like what does it mean when half the people are going to at some point be eight months pregnant as I am, and how that changes what you can do and who you’re dependent on. So there’s a lot that gets left out of the picture. 

Switching levels of discourse, I think it’s really interesting how the brain as an organ is elevated to this very definitional spot, so we talk about the importance of gender in the brain. It’s funny because there’s no other organ where it’s that important, right? We can talk about differences that might exist in men and women’s livers, they’re not considered definitional of what it means to be a man or woman. I guess the uterus and the penis and stuff like that is definitional, but I think it’s really interesting how our ideas about the brain and the split between the brain and the body play into this discussion. 

I have to say that seeing that nurturing parenting book and seeing that low-income families, we’re being told, like, “Hey, your girls are going to be more interested in caring for their siblings than your boys because of their brains,” really upset me. Because one of the unfair parts about female socialization is that girls often are parentified in their families and get turned into little mothers’ way too young in ways that are not good for them or their siblings. So having that be normalized is like, “Well, that’s stemming from your girl’s brain.” It’s like, “No, it’s not stemming from her brain. It’s stemming from your work schedule.” It’s stemming from you being overwhelmed and looking for a babysitter. So that’s my main criticism is that I think there are so many circumstances where like clearly justifying different treatment for boys and girls through pinning it on the brain, it’s not healthy for boys and girls.

Zach: I think to me it just seems like, maybe I’m talking about the simplistic version of the theory that you said, but it seems like the reasoning behind it is so circular in the sense that we’re saying we cannot transcend and be more than these restrictive stereotypes of male or female, but then it’s also saying that those stereotypes exist inside of you that they are real things like me and many other people I’ve talked to about this cannot relate to the idea that we have a gender identity and it seems weird to me that and I’m sure as you say many people have written about various criticisms, but it just seems weird to me that why are we accepting this theory that to my mind has no real intellectual backing to it other than that it’s popular when so many people can’t even relate to it, people who are open to the idea can’t relate to it. 

I think if I looked inside of myself for something like that, I just wouldn’t find it. Because at the end of the day, I just feel like I’m responding to the environment, I have various biological things that are probably mysterious that are happening I don’t know about. I feel like if I wanted to behave femininely, I would do that. That’s the thing. I don’t believe that there is a thing necessarily called feminine other than that is associated with certain things that are associated with females. I think we should be trained to transcend those things and not put these boxes inside of us. I’m sure I’m not explaining this as eloquently as I could, but these are some of the problems I would say.

Carey: No, you are preaching to the choir. I really hate actually the words feminine and masculine just because the meaning is so fluid for each.

Zach: Right. It’s like as soon as I say it, I find fault with it. 

Carey: Yeah, definitely. And so often when people use the word feminine, they mean passive and okay, but then how does that connect to being female exactly? I think all these words are really mythic and big. But you come back to reality and someone has to wipe baby’s butts and hold people’s butts and that’s work that has to get done. Doesn’t that matter that like how that work has gotten a scientist mostly been based on someone’s role in reproduction? I think it does matter. I think that all that millennia of how we divide up labor matters a lot. 

Zach: I think there’s so many things underneath the surface that I wouldn’t even pretend to understand. When I look at the factors in my life that dictate my behavior, I’m very much at a loss to understand what they are really. I believe lots of things are fluid about me, including my behavior, my sexuality, lots of things are fairly fluid. I think the thing that bugs me about these ideas is that it’s trying to make concrete, a thing that to me just seems so amorphous and shouldn’t be put into categories. Probably, I’ll make an analogy here. To me, it’s like if some people came out with a theory of internal racial identity that went something like, “Hey, race doesn’t matter at all. We’re all more complex in these restrictive racial stereotypes. We transcend these stereotypes.” But then they follow that up with, “But if you think you have good rhythm, your internal racial identity is Black.” To me, it doesn’t make sense. It’s enforcing these society enforced stereotypes that to me I think we should be trying to move away from them. I feel like I’m rambling now, but I’m-

Carey: Yeah. And I think what’s tempting is this idea that we need to ignore how the ideas don’t fit together to be compassionate. That’s not real compassion. If compassion isn’t balanced with respect, then it’s feels not right to me. I think having been trans identified myself, you know when people are being compassionate to you and they don’t respect you, and that experience is not fun. And certainly, it is not that people who are trans are not good at thinking. They’re very good thinking. So I’m not sure that these super simplistic ideas that don’t actually fit together are respectful to anyone.

Zach: I’m curious when you were going through your gender dysphoria, experience in the trans experience, did the gender identity theory play a role in your perception of that or motivation to change yourself?

Carey: Yes. And just to say I still experience gender dysphoria, not all the time. It comes and goes, depending on what’s going on in my life. So when I was growing up, I’m a pretty opinionated person. I can be a pretty sometimes angry person. I can be a pretty risk-taking person and an impulsive person. I have ADHD. And so, there were a lot of things about how my brain worked that did not make sense to me when I looked at the other girls. And I’ve realized now that I’m older that I was actually getting pretty overt messages from the adults in my life that something was not right with me. That idea that there was something distinct about my brain that made me trans and different was very tempting to me. 

I didn’t transition as a kid, I transitioned as a full adult. I was 30. I was adult. I went to a therapist. I was already ensconced in a trans scene, I was dating a trans person already. When I went to the therapist, I knew what I wanted to do already. But what therapists will tell a lot of gender dysphoric people, especially female people, is just try testosterone and if it feels good, that’ll be confirmation that it’s what your brain needs. The problem with that is testosterone almost always feels great. It in general makes people feel more energetic in general as an antidepressant. So I got on testosterone and I felt amazing. I loved it. And so, it’s funny because for me, that experience shifted me into a much more hardcore brain sex believer. I went on testosterone and it felt so good and I was like, “Oh, my gosh, I actually really do have a male brain. This is why this feels so good. I was missing something I really needed.” But in actuality, I was just having a ball on testosterone. I really like to be aggressive and horny, and I love to- 

Zach: You took a drug. 

Carey: Yeah. My detransition happened in a pretty messy way. It was not that I decided I wasn’t trans and then stopped testosterone. I had to stop testosterone and then about a year and a half later, I started thinking hard about whether this belief that I had a different brain was actually good for me. Because it wasn’t good for me. My life really took a nosedive. And just for me, the more I cultivate the perspective that I have actually a lot in common with a lot of different people that I’m not particularly distinct or special, that grounds me and that’s good for me. I can go way overboard with this idea that I am different and need different treatment and different special things to make my life work. In general, I need very common normal things to be happy and grounded. So yeah, so I think that these ideas are really complicated I guess and I think when you’re really building an adult life like one where you have to pay rent and have a career and feel good about yourself and date people and have long term relationships, that still is hard for everybody. So we should be open-minded about how different factors play into that.

Zach: I was curious it might be a too personal question. But when you said you were getting signals from your family at an early age, was your family fairly conservative?

Carey: No, no, actually. My family is very progressive, almost Marxist frankly. I come from Rust Belt pro-union like community organizing people, but you can be that liberal and be pretty darn sexist.

Zach: Right. I was wondering if I had this question about if people from not necessarily politically conservative, but maybe more traditional family and environment might be more likely to assign their feelings to gender dysphoria because they’re used to being put in these more constrictive stereotypes, whereas like the way I grew up where I basically could have acted any way I want and I don’t think my parents would have made me feel uncomfortable, at least in terms of so-called feminine or masculine behavior. But yeah, so I was curious of that might play it play a role.

Carey: Yeah, my family has really long-standing patterns of moms beating up on their daughters and a lot of martyrdom being really respected. We’re Catholic so there’s this Catholic martyrdom lady thing that they expect out of everybody so everyone becomes a nurse. And looking back, if you could do that or you could be like your brother, then why wouldn’t you want to be like your brother?

Zach: Yeah, I see some of that where it’s like, “Well, if I’m faced with these alternatives, if you’re only giving me these binary options,” and actually my wife, if we were talking about this, she was a big tomboy when she was young and she had some real gender dysphoric experiences and really question because she thought female was this and she was not that so therefore it was like a binary thing. Whereas I think maybe in some environments, you wouldn’t be thinking in terms of I have to fit into these binaries.

Carey: Totally. Family environment can make a huge, huge difference on how you think about yourself, no doubt.

Zach: Can a theory itself like gender identity theory, do you think the theory itself can play a role in making more people believe that they are gender dysphoric?

Carey: Well, not to harp on this, but certainly if your mom and dad are getting told that there are boy brains and girl brains, then that to me would make your mom or your dad more likely to give you messages about what kind of brain you have, and that’s from my experience with my mom and dad. But I think that parents and other adults in a kid’s life, we’re constantly giving feedback to our kids about their accessibility and how they fit in and you want kids to all grow up in an environment where what they’re being told is like let you be your unique self and figure out how you fit into this world and what a joy to see you get to do that. But that’s not the reality of this world and parenting normally. So I think parental anxiety about kids behavior and kids likes and dislikes can create a lot of negative messages for kids about their difference. Does that make sense?

Zach: Yeah, for sure. Yeah. I think another important point here that I think is another key factor in some of the angry interactions around this issue is that as we’ve been doing, we’ve been talking about the role of one’s environment in these things. And for a lot of people talking about that or talking about psychological issues, not necessarily problems but just psychological aspects, talking about the environment or psychological aspects to these things is framed in terms of like, “Oh, you’re saying trans people are crazy. You’re saying we’re not in our right minds that we’re influenced by others or whatever.” 

But that’s not at all the case when I’m talking about it because I think in my mind, everybody is influenced by the environment. We’re all influenced by the things around us, and to talk about those things is not at all offensive. We were talking about gay people, to me, it doesn’t really matter to me whether there’s a biological component, or environmental component, or a mix of them or whatever for why people are gay. That really doesn’t matter to me because I think we’re all to some extent affected by our environment just as I’m affected by my environment for everything I do pretty much and how I’ve been formed. I think there’s a there’s a big disconnect there too where people take those kinds of debates and try to interpret them in the worst possible way when that I think that’s not the case when we’re talking about it.

Carey: Yeah, and I think that that is not the case for other conditions that are listed in the DSM. When I was going to grad school to be a therapist, we were taught to conceptualize clients in this biopsychosocial sphere. So you want to be thinking about what’s happening in the patient’s body on a biology level, on a interpersonal psychology level, and on a social level. People are coming to you for a reason. They want to make changes in their life. And then, after you’ve conceptualized them in these different intersecting spheres, then you can work with all of those spheres how you move them forward to what they want, right? So if they’re depressed, stuff is happening in their bodies, stuff is happening in their families and happened in their past with the families of origin and then they’re dealing with social stresses too like unemployment or breakup, all the stuff that bums people out. 

So for other conditions in the DSM, it’s accepted that it’s always complicated what created that condition. Even something like ADHD, what causes ADHD is actually pretty complex and we don’t really have a handle on it. People will tell you that it’s brain chemistry, people will tell you it’s maternal stress, some people have suggested there’s a connection with lead poisoning. And that’s accepted that that’s okay that we don’t currently totally understand what will create ADHD in a person. And just because we don’t totally understand it doesn’t mean that each person dealing with that condition can’t find a path forward for dealing with it. That might include medication, it might really not include medication, and it might include just lifestyle change or just self-acceptance. So gender dysphoria is interesting because making the discussion complicated in terms of the biopsychosocial concepts is considered offensive. But it’s not offensive for a depressed person or person with ADHD or a person with bipolar. So that’s strange.

Zach: Yeah. And there’s so much questions about so many things we experience we don’t even… There’s a great book called My Age of Anxiety by Scott Stossel where he, who I also interviewed for this podcast, where he talks about the… You could look at it. There’s just so little we know even about anxiety. There’s biological components, there’s environmental components, they overlap. It’s really hard to… It’s like to pretend that these are not very overlapping and nuance things is missing the complexity in these things. And something you said that I wanted to follow up on, talking about when we have problems, when we have anxieties, when we have struggles, there can be multiple paths forward. I think that’s also a route of a disconnect there because implying that you for example, theoretically, there was a path where you were completely happy with transitioning in some worlds, some parallel dimension. 

And so talking about that or talking about that you had multiple paths available to you and that there were multiple factors available here, I think people think by saying that there might be other paths that’s disrespectful to trans people, but I think what we’re really trying to do is acknowledge that there are multiple paths and a lot of times people can be completely happy with multiple paths. It’s more like you want to think about all the factors that could be present and think about what you’re going through more

Carey: Totally. And I think because I am someone who’s had the experience, I think about the parallel universe’s thing like a lot. My parallel universe trans man self is someone that I think about. Any number of factors in my life could have been different and that could have been the life path I took and I don’t think that that would have been necessarily a tragic life path. There are some times where I think even it would have been in a lot of ways really similar. I’m really happy to be pregnant and to be married and stuff. I think that even if I had continued down that path, those would have been things that I would have sought out. I think now since I like look in the mirror and I look so pregnant and stuff, I think about what I would look like as a trans guy pregnant and frankly, I’d probably look pretty similar. Maybe I’d have a beard and obviously, I would have gotten a mastectomy. But yeah, life is so rarely either/or. That’s usually not how life is. 

Zach: Do you feel like your life experiences have taught you to be more uncertain about what your needs and wants really are?

Carey: Yeah, I think I understand about myself. One, I learned that I could be fantasy prone, and that’s really important to understand about my brain. And then I definitely learned about myself that a lot of what keeps me happy are very regular basic things like getting enough sleep, like getting enough exercise, like having stable relationships, having enough money, that kind of thing. Which is the case for most people, people are much like babies. We need schedules, we need security, we need safety. But that can be hard to remember when you’re fantasizing about your ideal life. So I definitely learned about myself that I can get ideas about what I need to be happy that totally forget about the basics, and that was important for me to learn. 

I think I also learned a lot about advice and just how useless advice can be. Advice is so much more about the person giving the advice than it is ever about the person being given the advice. It’s so much more about the ego of the person telling you what to do than it is usually about the person being told what to do. I definitely learned through the process that the people giving you advice they just are in no way invested in your life the way you are and the repercussions for them don’t exist. So whatever advice you get, you just really have to be super skeptical because you are the only one who will live through the consequences of taking that advice or not taking that advice. So it was a very valuable experience.

Zach: For myself, when I tried to look inside of myself and try to figure out aspects of myself or what will make me happy that is a very difficult thing to do because a lot of times especially when we’re younger, we think oh this will make me happy, this will make me happy. But when it’s actually achieved, you realize that it wasn’t. So I think with age can come more uncertainty, which I think a big part of wisdom is uncertainty and not trusting ourselves really.

Carey: Yeah. And I think most young people have to go through that. The experience of screwing your life up and then regretting it is actually, as long as it doesn’t kill you, really, really valuable. I went into tricky thing because so much what I do is give advice and I also know how useless it is and how much that can be about who I want to be. But I try and remember that journey of screwing it up, is sometimes the very most valuable thing a person can be doing at that point in their life.

Zach: Your advice is around uncertainty really. That’s what you’re advocating is thinking more about it and not being certain. So in that sense, I don’t see how you can go wrong with advocating thinking more about things.

Carey: Yeah, I do think that more information is way better than less information. And then also, you can change your mind then. Definitely when it comes to being totally fully informed about medical interventions and what you can expect to come down the road as far as medical interventions, more information is better than less always. It might be you get all the information on a medical intervention and you learn all the risks and you’re like, “This is still the right decision.” And good for you, then.

Zach: Maybe they get a little too existential and broad here at the end, but I sometimes think it’s possible that some of these issues for some people are related to the fact that in the modern world, we have so much more free time and more time to examine questions about ourselves and our place in the world that we are more likely to come face to face with this abyss inside of us. I don’t mean a bit in a bad way, but more that we have this interior, this inner world that’s very mysterious and undefined to us and we have the capacity to basically create our own worlds and our own truths. That knowledge can be very scary and anxiety producing and I think this kind of existential anxiety might be why some people reach for labels, whether that’s traditional roles that they’re playing, the traditional roles stereotypes, or as I see it for some people, these internal also equally stereotype gender identity labels. And I also see this maybe with some of the clinging too labels that some people seem to have about I’m autistic around the autistic spectrum or I have this thing, whereas I think maybe we need to not label ourselves so much and I think sometimes the labeling can be restrictive even if it’s comforting to belong in a category or a box, maybe getting too broad there but I wanted to add maybe on that note.

Carey: Absolutely. It’s such a profound need to be understood and it’s also such an unreachable need because we can’t really ask other people to understand us because we’re always changing and fluid and we always contain all these potentials, but we want so badly to just make sense to the people around us. It’s very profound.

Zach: Well, thanks a lot for talking to me. I appreciate the chance to have the conversation. 

Carey: Yeah, thank you. 

Zach: That was an interview with Carey Callahan. That’s C-A-R-E-Y. And you can find her writing on Medium. She’s doing a series right now called Talking About Talking to Doctors, where she’s talking to people about their healthcare experiences in this area. You can also find her on Twitter at CareyCallsBS. 

Part of my reason for wanting to do tough talks like this on controversial topics is that I think showing how there can be disagreement and discussion on one’s own side helps create empathy for people who believe different things from us on the opposite side of the political aisle. In our increasingly polarized country, people tend to reside so much in homogenous bubbles of thought that we forget or don’t notice that there can be many forms of reasonable dissent on many topics. For example, if a conservative were to say, “I don’t want my child taught about gender identity theory,” many liberals would say, “Oh, that person’s a hateful bigot.” But hopefully, you can see how someone can think that and not be a bigot. If you’ve listened to this podcast, you’d understand why I myself would not want my child or children in general to be taught gender identity theory. This isn’t because I don’t respect trans people. This is an intellectual disagreement. I think that theory is wrong, that there’s no validity to it, that there’s been no real testing of the idea, that it’s no more scientific or real than an idea like Freud’s Oedipal complex. And I think that theory itself by being so incoherent and circular in logic, creates confusion and makes people more likely to consider themselves gender dysphoric. 

And to be clear, I would want children to be taught that many people have stereotypes about sex and gender, but those are mostly illusory stereotypes. We should all feel free to behave however we want as long as we’re not hurting anyone, wear whatever we want, transcend stereotypes however we want, love whoever we want and not feel a need for any labels because those labels are just our human attempts to categorize things we don’t understand. I’d want to teach children to not judge others for how they appear or how they act in these areas because no matter how you think it comes about, there’s obviously a lot of variety in how people present and how they behave. 

In other words, I prefer a theory that didn’t attempt to categorize what I see as elusive and mysterious internal states, then instead said something like, these stereotypes about gender related behavior don’t actually matter. It might seem like they matter sometimes because we live in a society with stereotypes, but those are just people’s ideas. You shouldn’t pay much attention to these labels and categories and just do what makes you happy.

Some people listening might be thinking, that’s all well and good for you a cisgender male to say who hasn’t struggled with this stuff. But actually, I do relate to a lot of this. I’ve never related to stereotypical male things. In school, the behavior of my male classmates often made me nervous, the rambunctious and aggressive ones. I used to get sad and disturbed watching the boys stomp on crickets in the high school gym locker room. Even today, aggressive people in conflict make me quite nervous. Even though I think playing sports can be fun, I’ve never liked watching sports, never understood what the appeal was. As a kid in elementary school, when many other boys were roughhousing on the playground, me and a couple other friends had an ongoing game where we pretended to be bunny rabbits. In elementary school, I had a physical, albeit non-sexual crush on a male friend. In middle school, I was mostly friends with females. I can easily imagine if I were growing up in today’s environment that I might be tempted to think of myself as gender dysphoric. In the same way that my wife who struggled with some gender dysphoria issues in her childhood, also says that she thinks it’s entirely possible that she would have been attracted by these ideas. 

I suppose some people who believe in the gender identity theory would say that I identify internally as a male because I presented in some stereotypical masculine ways. I suppose people would say that. But the thing is I don’t relate to any of these ideas about gender traits having a place inside of me. Well, I think that some of my behavior is likely biology caused and some of it is society caused. I don’t have any handle on which is which, it’s all a black box. I don’t feel that there’s some internal gender aspect of myself. 

Put it another way, if societal expectations were that I as a male should wear a dress and wear some makeup and maybe be more passive and how I relate to others, these traits that many people associate with females, I’d probably be doing that, not because I relate to it in any internal way, but just because it’s the path of least resistance. I simply don’t think most of this stuff in any way has much of a bearing on who I am. In short, I think we’re talking about complex and impossible to quantify things here and I don’t think our stereotypes of what constitutes “feminine” or “masculine” mean much at all. There are attempts to place a wide range of diverse behavior into various boxes and I think this is largely for our own comfort.

If you’ve listened to this podcast much or read some of my writings on social media, you know I think a lot about political polarization and the psychology behind that and I see the polarized and angry discussion around trans topics as very much analogous to how we talk about so many other hot button topics these days, from race, to police violence, to immigration to many other things. The thing I think many people don’t understand is that these very us versus them polarized dynamics we’re dealing with are very common dynamics in large groups. They’re common dynamics that many other countries have gone through and are going through. They’re common dynamics that have destroyed many other countries before ours. We tend to think that America is unique, that we’re fighting about very important issues, that our population is clearly divided about the issues themselves. And of course, the issues can be important, I’m not denying that. But what is much more important in these dynamics is what researchers call affective polarization or emotional polarization. That is it’s less about the issues and more about the animosity between the two groups. That ever increasing animosity creates more and more pressure for each group to take a unified stance against the other group and not criticize their own group. As each side becomes increasingly intolerant of internal debate, they grow more extreme in their ideas. 

This isn’t about which side started it. Obviously, we all have our own beliefs about which side is worse. But it’s about recognizing how the dynamics work. If you look at other currently polarized countries and those throughout history, the dynamics are the same. The issues are different, but what is the same, what is most important is their underlying psychological tendency to sort ourselves into two extreme and opposing groups and ramp up those us versus them dynamics. It’s a very human weakness, probably our main flaw. And there’s a good chance that will be the cause of our extinction at some point in the not-too-distant future, especially as our technology, including our weapons get more powerful. You can see those dynamics playing out for so many hot button topics these days. Each side becomes increasingly resistant to internal debate.

To bring it back to transgender topics. I know there are many well-meaning liberal people who want to talk more about these issues, but simply are afraid to or don’t have the time to do it well because it takes so much effort to do it well and not say things wrong and make it clear what your intent is. I think for many of these hot button issues, many people believe that while the other side seems so cohesive and monolithic, and the stakes seem so high right now, maybe it is best for us to stick together to not question our side. It’s uncomfortable to question things, but maybe it’s also best if I don’t question things. But from what I’ve learned in researching polarization, that is the wrong intuition. That is the path of least resistance that leads us to more and more polarization. Instead, a better approach is to continue to attempt to find nuance, to continue to attempt to have debates, to criticize your side when you think they’re doing something wrong. 

I could go on for quite a while about the benefits I see of doing that, but a couple quick points. One benefit, questioning your own side helps make your side more reasonable. A big part of how groups grow more extreme is that dissent is increasingly taboo. So by questioning our side, we’re helping make it more reasonable, more nuanced, more capable of having conversation. It also results in your side just being more persuasive to people outside the group. The more people outside your group perceive you as avoiding topics and not having reasonable debate, the less persuasive your group is. Another benefit, questioning your own side helps bring down anger from the other side. A big part of how these dynamics play out is that each side is responding to the worst of the other side. For example, Trump supporters take something hateful and unreasonable a liberal says and use that to act as if that’s a common stance amongst liberals and that riles up their group. So the more nuanced we attempt to be, the less that dynamic is a factor. Obviously, there always be people that will attempt to paint the worst people in your group as the norm, but it just helps bring down that dynamic.

One of my podcasts episodes was an interview of Jaime Settle whose researched political polarization and did studies of how use of Facebook seem to amplify polarization. In her opinion, one of the most helpful things we can do is to show how we don’t fit into the usual stereotypes of “our group”. To break the polarization cycle, one thing we can do is to show how we don’t fit the template of the stereotype of our group and maybe this will inspire others to do the same. But that takes a lot of bravery because we’re understandably afraid of being cast out from our own tribe. We’re afraid of being tribeless. But maybe if more of us did that, we show how others can do that, show how this isn’t weakness, that it doesn’t prevent us from being able to fight against things we think are bad, that it in fact may be the most helpful thing we can do. 

And to be clear, I’m not saying you have to question your side in public on social media as I actually think social media is a horrible place to have discussions. I’m talking about private conversations in our homes and with friends and family because that’s a big part of how we form our ideas and where polarization grows. And on the topic of social media, you may enjoy a piece I researched and wrote about the role that social media may be playing in amplifying our divides and extreme thinking. My piece is about the inherent effects of internet communication. For example, the fact that writing things down has been shown to make us more stubborn about our ideas. And now with social media, we’re all writing our ideas down more than ever before, things like that. I’m very proud of that work. If you want to check it out, search for Zach Elwood social media polarization and you’ll probably find it. 

This has been the People Who Read People podcast with me Zachary Elwood. You can learn more about this podcast at readingpokertells.video. Use the contact form there to send me any ideas and criticisms, especially if you think I’m way off based on something and want to point me to a good resource to help me learn something. You can follow me on Twitter @apokerplayer. I don’t make any money on this podcast and I spend a good amount of time and money on it. If you’d like to show some support, I started a Patreon at patreon.com/zackelwood, that’s Z-A-C-H-E-L-W-O-O-D. There are no real extra benefits to sending me money, just if you like the podcast and want to encourage me to work on it. I also have a PayPal. My email for that is [email protected], and I appreciate any reviews or ratings you leave on iTunes or other platforms. Thanks for listening. Music by Small Skies.

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How can we better connect with people?, with Ashley Pallathra & Ted Brodkin

In this episode of the podcast, I interview Ashley Pallathra (twitter) and Edward Brodkin (twitter), co-authors of Missing Each Other: How to Cultivate Meaningful Connections. Our modern world seems increasingly isolated, in how we separate ourselves from others, in how many of our communal activities and institutions have gone away, in how we are increasingly online. Also, in our increasingly politically polarized world, we also end up thinking more negatively of other people, which results in us being less charitable, less humane. In this interview, we talk about the obstacles we face in our attempts to form better connection with others, and how we might connect better.

Podcast links:

Topics discussed include:

  • Is the modern world growing increasingly isolated?
  • What are some inherent obstacles to us connecting well with each other?
  • How there can be an existential paradox within attempting to connect well with others: we have to both maintain our own self boundaries, and also focus on the other person, and this can create a bit of a conflict.
  • How other people’s emotional contagiousness can be one reason why connection can feel threatening.
  • How connecting well with others requires us to be generous of spirit, to be forgiving of others’ mis-steps and mistakes.
  • How there can be physical aspects of connection (being physically relaxed; having a physical feeling of connection) and other more intellectual, philosophical aspects of connection (thinking about how we are all humans; being generous and giving, etc.)
  • How our political polarization, the us vs them dynamic, can make us pessimistic about connecting with others.
  • How it’s important to focus on our desire to connect and taking small steps and not feeling like there’s any one right way to connect better.
  • How therapists may rely on being in touch with their patients’ moods to get a sense of emotionally important content.
  • How there is value to connecting well even to people we dislike, or think are horrible.

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Reading behavior & tells in video games: a talk with Apex Legends pro Nocturnal

In this episode of the People Who Read People podcast, I interview Brandon Singer, aka Nocturnal (his Twitch, his Twitter) about reading opponent behavior in the video game Apex Legends. We discuss: getting reads of how experienced players are, how much predicting behavior plays a role, how much tilt and mental considerations play a role. We also talk about the financial aspects of being a pro gamer: what revenue streams are there, how hard is it these days to get sponsorships, and more.

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Related resources and links:

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Reading behavior in tennis, with Carlos Goffi

A talk with experienced tennis player and coach Carlos Goffi about the role that psychology and reading opponent behavior and mood can play in tennis. To learn more about Carlos, visit his site. He’s been coaching for more than 30 years, and has coached John McEnroe and John’s brother Patrick McEnroe, amongst many others. He’s maybe most well known for his best-selling tennis book Tournament Tough, which he co-authored with John McEnroe. During our talk about the role of reading behavior, we discuss Andre Agassi’s claim to have a very reliable tell on Boris Becker: that he could predict Becker’s serve direction based on how Becker’s tongue was sticking out.

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Talking about police violence with a liberal police captain (part 1)

First of two talks with James Mitchell, a retired police captain who worked in Prince George’s County, Maryland, and who happens to be politically liberal. We talk about excessive force by police in the United States, with the goal of understanding some of the factors that can lead to unjustified and too-aggressive police responses. (Here’s part 2.)

Topics discussed include: what he would do if he were put in charge of a federal department given the task of solving this issue; the wisdom of “abolish the police” and “defund the police”-type slogans and beliefs; George Floyd’s death and how Chauvin and his fellow cops handled that situation; how our mental health issues relate to police violence issues; how cops can escalate a situation whether they mean to or not, and more (below).

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Understanding and coping with anxiety, with editor of The Atlantic Scott Stossel

In this episode of the People Who Read People podcast, I interview Scott Stossel (@sstossel on Twitter), who is the national editor of the magazine The Atlantic, and the author of the book My Age of Anxiety: Fear, Hope, Dread, and the Search for Peace of Mind. That book is a history of humanity’s understanding and treatment of anxiety, and also a personal history in which Scott recounts honestly and openly his own struggles with extreme, debilitating anxiety and phobias from a young age. I talk to Scott about what he’s learned in his research and in his personal life about the factors behind anxiety and how we might, as much as we are able to, overcome it. Along the way, I also talk a bit about my own struggles with anxiety.

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Psych and environmental factors in schizophrenia, with Nathan Filer

Note: there is an interview transcript towards the bottom of this page. 

An interview with Nathan Filer (Twitter @nathanfiler), author of the non-fiction book The Heartland: Finding and Losing Schizophrenia and the fiction book The Shock of the Fall. Both of these books deal with topics of psychosis and, as Nathan refers to it in The Heartland, “so-called schizophrenia.” In The Heartland, Nathan examines the idea that “mad” people may be more similar to us than most of us believe, that perhaps madness is an understandable human response to dealing with various stresses and anxieties. (A transcript is below.)

Nathan and I talk about psychological and environmental factors that can be present in schizophrenia, about the understandable pushback there can be to examining these areas (whether from parents or from sufferers), about the uncertainty around these topics, and about the power of language and the names we give things. I also talk a bit about the mental issues I struggled with as a young man, which included severe anxiety, depression, and involved me dropping out of college mid-semester.

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Interview with an 8-year-old

In this episode of the People Who Read People podcast, I interview an 8-year-old about such topics as: how she knows other kids want to be her friend; how she knows adults are upset with her; tricks she uses to watch more TV; the etiquette around Infection Tag (one of her favorite games); and her thoughts on various supernatural beings, including Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, and the Tooth Fairy.

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Patient-led research into long-haul COVID-19, with Gina Assaf

This episode of the podcast is a December 2020 interview with Gina Assaf (Gina’s Twitter, and her Covid research Twitter) about her patient-led research on “long haul” Covid, which refers to long term Covid-19 effects that persist longer than is typically recognized as normal. Such long-term covid effects can include exhaustion and cognitive impairment (sometimes called “brain fog”). Assaf is not a professional medical researcher; her background is in web/app design and technology consultancy. But she was motivated to initiate this research due to her own covid experiences and frustration with the lack of information about her, and other sufferers’, experiences. I ask Assaf about the benefits and challenges of such “patient led” research, and interesting findings her team has made. One topic of interest is the similarity between long haul covid and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS, ME) symptoms, especially because one theory of CFS is that it can be started by a viral infection. Episode links:


Topics discussed and relevant links include: